Solar and terrestrial radiation directed downwards (towards the earth's surface); incoming radiation.

Wind with a speed between 17 and 21 knots (19 and 24 mph); Beaufort scale number 5.

see Watch

A federal government agency involved in rural development, marketing and regulatory programs, food safety, research, education and economics, food, nutrition and consumer service, farm and foreign agricultural services, and natural resources and environme ...

A registered trademark for a cholorflourocarbon (CFC) gas that is highly stable and that has been historically used as a refrigerant.

A device, which is linked with the towboat, and under emergency conditions, tows away any ship from site. The device consists of reel 、towing hawser、signal cable、 buoy、 wire storage box、signal lamp etc.

(1) To lay a line out in coils so that it can run without fouling. (2) Folding a sail in layers on the boom.

The permanent (inelastic) distortion of metals under applied stresses that strain the material beyond its elastic limit.

Overflowing by water of the normal confines of a stream or other body of water, or accumulation of water by drainage over areas which are not normally submerged.

Particle on which the freezing of water occurs.

Miles Per Gallon

Sailor's songs sung in the forecastle when the men of a watch were off duty. These were sung for entertainment, thus they were not shanties.

The process of checking the accuracy of and adjusting the ship's magnetic compass.

Bank for International Settlements The central bankers' bank, based in Basle,.

A strong tropical revolving storm of force 12 or higher. In the northern hemisphere hurricanes revolve in a clockwise direction. In the southern hemisphere these storms revolve counterclockwise and are known as typhoons.

See corrosion potential and open-circuit potential.

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

A form of steam engine where a piston moves back and forth inside a cylinder, transmitting its motion to a driving shaft by a connecting rod and crank.

Successive shipments are permitted under letters of credit. Usually they must take place within a given period of time.

A fixed support for mounting maximum and minimum thermometers of the liquid-in-glass type. The support holds the thermometers at the correct operating attitude and also permits their rotation for resetting when desired.