The ratios, to the mean wind speed, of the average magnitudes of the component fluctuations of the wind along three mutually perpendicular axes.

Abbreviation for precipitation-evaporation ratio.

General name for an instrument designed to measure the vertical component of the wind speed. See anemoclinometer.

A thermometer consisting of a clock mechanism the speed of which is a function of temperature.

The ratio of the output of an instrument to the input value, i.e. a rain gauge with a sensitivity of 1 tip per 0.01"

A scale of yellows, greens, and blues for recording the color of sea water, as seen against the white background of a Secchi disk.

A plastic molding component formed by the reaction of phenol and formaldehyde. It can be heavily reinforced or "filled" with glass fibers or other materials. Phenolics are known for their high impact strength, excellent wear characteristics, and dimension ...

Wind with a speed between 56 and 63 knots (64 and 72 mph); Beaufort scale number 11.

To free something from the binding action of ice by warming it to a temperature above the melting point of ice. Also, a warm spell when ice and snow melt.

The lowest value of a measured quality at which a sensor meets its accuracy specification.

An instrument used for measuring the specific gravity of a liquid.

An instrument developed by K. Angstrom for measuring the effective terrestrial radiation. It consists of four manganin strips, of which two are blackened and two are polished. The blackened strips are allowed to radiate to the atmosphere while the polishe ...

The temperature at which an object gives out as much radiation as it receives from its surroundings.

Rate of flow of water past a point in a stream, expressed as volume per unit time, i.e. cubic feet per second.

Instrument for measuring the depth of water from precipitation that is assumed to be distributed over a horizontal, impervious surface and not subject to evaporation.

An anemometer in which the sensor rotation is transmitted to a mechanical counter which directly integrates the air movement past the sensor. Used to determine total air passage (wind run). Average wind speed can be calculated from the difference between ...

A series of Nansen-bottle water samples and associated temperature observations resulting from one release of a messenger.

A sudden brief increase in the speed of the wind, followed by a lull or slackening. Compare to peak gust.

Wind with a speed between 48 and 55 knots (55 and 63 mph), Beaufort scale number 10.

A hygrometer which determines the amount of precipitable moisture in a given region of the atmosphere by measuring attenuation of radiant energy caused by the absorption bands of water vapor.