A mat of fibers that provide a barrier to particles entrained in the flow of air or gas.

The owners of a ship are entitled to payment as freight for merchandise returned through the fault of either the consignees or the consignors. Such payment, which is over and above the normal freight, is called backfreight.

An act beyond human control, such as lightning, flood or earthquake. – An unpredictable situation which is beyond the power of man. A natural event, not preventable by any human power, such as flood, storms, or lighting usually quoted as “force majeure” ...

The angle a celestial body makes with the horizon.

Auxiliary engine

In the direction of the vessel's head. Wind ahead is from the direction toward which the vessel's head points. In a forward direction.

Placing a port on a vessel's itinerary because the volume of cargo offered at that port justifies the cost of routing the vessel.

A term from Latin meaning, "according to value."

A notice sent to a local or foreign buyer advising that shipment has gone forward and containing details of packing, routing, etc. A copy of the invoice is often enclosed and, if desired, a copy of the bill of lading.

States that the pressure of a gas, at constant volume, varies directly with the absolute temperature.

A time draft (or bill of exchange) that the drawee (payer) has accepted and is unconditionally obligated to pay at maturity.- Broadly speaking, any agreement to purchase goods under specified terms.

To remove the ballast from the a ship.

a filter medium primarily intended to hold soluble and insoluble contaminants on its surface by molecular adhesion.

A letter of credit that contains a limited engagement clause which states that the issuing bank promises to pay the beneficiary upon presentation of the required documents at its counters or the counters of the named bank.

That time during which weather that prevents working shall not count as laytime

The act if striking or collision of a moving vessel against a stationary object.

To hold the mainsail or jib off to the side to cause the wind to blow onto the backside of the sail, used to slow a boat

The reply to an officer's order signifying that he is understood and will be obeyed (I understand).

The total pressure measured from absolute zero ( i.e., from an absolute vacuum).

A colorless gaseous compound of nitrogen and hydrogen used in refrigeration and in making of fertilizers and explosives. Found in some ambient air conditions.