A general term for atmospheric water in any of its forms, i.e. clouds, fog, hail, ice crystals, rain.

The study of waters (including oceans, lakes, and rivers) embracing either: (a) their physical characteristics, from the standpoint of the oceanographer or limnologist; or (b) the elements affecting safe navigation, from the point of view of the mariner. ...

A device for measuring the river stage. Also called stream gauge.

A relatively small-scale, downward moving current of air.

The boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere, usually characterized by an abrupt change in lapse rate. Its height varies from 10 to 20 km. Regions above the tropopause have greater atmospheric stability than regions below.

That stage, on a fixed river gauge, at which overflow of the natural banks of the stream begins to cause damage in any portion of the reach for which the gauge is used as an index.

A forecast of the expected stage or discharge at a specified time, or of the total volume of flow within a specified Interval of time, at one or more points along a stream.

A pyrheliometer of the bimetallic type used to measure the intensity of direct solar radiation.

A device, similar to a phytometer, for measuring transpiration. It consists of a small vessel containing water and sealed so that the only escape of moisture is by transpiration from a leaf, twig, or small plant with its cut end inserted in the water.

A synoptic code approved by the World Meteorological Organization in which the observable meteorological elements are encoded and transmitted in "words" of five numerical digits length. Often abbreviated synoptic code.

A line of equal or constant temperature.

A large plastic constant-level balloon for duration flying (in excess of 24 hours) at altitudes above 40,000 feet, used for the determination of wind fields and the measurement of upper atmospheric parameters.

An atmometer which uses a filter paper disc as the evaporating element. The amount of water evaporated through the paper is read at the graduated tube reservoir.

Winds which, over a small area, differ from those which would be appropriate to the general pressure distribution.

A measure of long-term precipitation effectiveness. The ratio of the normal annual rainfall to the normal annual evaporation.

A thermopile used in some types of radiation instruments. See solarimeter.

A photometer which measures the intensity of radiation as a function of the frequency (or wavelength) of the radiation.

An effect noted primarily in wet snow conditions when snow clings to the sides of a precipitation gauge and gradually accumulates until the gauge orifice is capped with accumulated snow. This effect can be minimized by using large collectors, and wind scr ...

See foehn.

An instrument for measuring the intensity of light or the relative intensity of a pair of lights. Also called an illuminometer. If the instrument is designed to measure the intensity of light as a function of wavelength, it is called a spectrophotometer. ...