See principal stress (normal).

A thin, not necessarily visible, layer of material.

A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin (only a few molecules thick) that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of ...

The relative ability of a ferrous alloy to form martensite when quenched from a temperature above the upper critical temperature. Hardenability is commonly measured as the distance below a quenched surfsce at which the metal exhibits a specific hardness ( ...

(1) An organic compound in which atoms form more than one coordinate bond with metals in solution. (2) A substance used in metal finishing to control or eliminate certain metallic ions present in undesirable quantities.

Electroplating tin on an object.

(1) In heat treatment, to reheat hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process is also sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In to ...

Plating wherein fine metal powders are peened onto the work by tumbling or other means.

The maximum current density that can be used to obtain a desired electrode reaction without undue interference such as from polarization.

(1) A chemical substance or mixture, usually liquid, containing ions that migrate in an electric field. (2) A chemical compound or mixture of compounds which when molten or in solution will conduct an electric current.3.A nonmetallic (liquid or solid) con ...

Any of the elements of the halogen family, consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.

Depositing a metallic coating on a metal immersed in a liquid solution, without the aid of an external electric current. Also called dip plating.

The eutectic of the iron-carbon system, the constituents of which are austenite and cementite. The austenite decomposes into ferrite and cementite on cooling below the temperature at which transformation of austenite to ferrite or ferrite plus cementite i ...

The ability of a solution to give satisfactory plating at very low current densities. a condition that exists in recesses and pits. This term suggests an ability to cover, but not necessarily to build up, a uniform coating, whereas throwing power suggests ...

(1) The relationship between the current density at a point on a surface and its distance from the counter electrode. The greater the ratio of the surface resistivity shown by the electrode reaction to the volume resistivity of the electrolyte, the better ...

The process of prior removal of the active corrosive constituents usually oxygen, from a corrosive liquid by controlled corrosion of expendable metal or by other chemical means, thereby making the liquid less corrosive.

A movement of electrons in an external circuit connecting an anode and cathode in a corrosion cell; the current flow is arbitrarily considered to be in an opposite direction to the electron flow.

Aging induced by rapid cooling after solution heat treatment.

A state of resistance to corrosion or anodic dissolution of a metal caused by thermodynamic stability of the metal.

The potential of an electrode measured with respect to a reference electrode or another electrode when no current flows to or from it.