An atom, or group of atoms, that has gained or lost one or more outer electrons and thus carries an electric charge. Positive ions, or cations, are deficient in outer electrons. Negative ions, or anions, have an excess of outer electrons.

Cracking or fracturing that occurs between the grains or crystals in a polycrystalline aggregate. Also called intercrystalline cracking. Contrast with transgranular cracking.

(1) Before finishing to final dimensions, repeatedly heating a ferrous or nonferrous part to or slightly above its normal operating, temperature and then cooling to room temperature to ensure dimensional stability in service. (2) Transforming retained aus ...

Resin formed by condensation of polybasic and monobasic acids with polyhydric alcohols.

The liquor resulting from dissolving molten melt irom the kraft recovery furnace in water. See also kraft process and smelt.

The technique for maintaining a constant electrode potential.

A metal whose luster has been reduced because of a surface film, usually a corrosion product layer.

Having an affinity for water. Contrast with hydrophobic.

A plot of r urrent density versus electrode potential for a specific electrode-electrolyte combination.

In fatigue, the variation in the stress-intensity factor in cycle, that is, Kmax-Kmin.

See transgranular.

Cracking or fracturing that occurs through or across a crystal or grain. Also called transcrystalline cracking. Contrast with intergranular cracking.

Reduction in mechanical properties of a metal as a result of local penetration of solder along grain boundaries.

Ratio of the depth of the deepest pit resulting from corrosion divided by the average penetration as calculated from weight loss.

Concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute divided by 1000 g of solvent.

The formation of isolated particles of corrosion products beneath the metal surface. This occurs as the result of preferential oxidation of certain alloy constituents by inward diffusion of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and so forth.

(1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear) to primarily crystalline (cl ...

A gaseous environment containing hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Prolonged exposure to sour gas can lead to hydrogen damage, sulfide-stress cracking, and/or stress-corrosion cracking in ferrous alloys.

Between crystals or grains. Also called intercrystalline. Contrast with transgranular.

The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing.